Nasal: These two slender bones are located at the bridge of the nose, giving shape to the nose. They articulate with the maxilla, ethmoid, frontal bone, and inferior nasal concha. Lacrimal: Located at the edge of the inner corner of each eye, forming the medial wall of the eye orbit and nasal cavity. Also known as the cheekbone, it gives structure to the cheek and articulates with the temporal, frontal, maxilla, and sphenoid bones.Ģ. Zygomatic: Located at the cheek region below the eye sockets on either side. Here is a basic outline for the bones of the face:ġ. Except for the mandible, these bones are joined by sutures via synarthrodial or immovable joints. The facial skeleton or viscerocranium is formed by the 14 bones mentioned above. These attachments are also vital for chewing, swallowing, and speech. Provide plenty of muscular and ligament attachment points that help to produce a wide variety of facial expressions, like frowning and smiling.Feature multiple foramina (holes) that allow passage to several important cranial nerves and blood vessels.Encase and protect the sensory organs - nose, eye, and tongue.Support the soft tissues of the face, head, and neck.So, the look or form of our face is due to our facial skeleton. Provide a structural framework for the face.Other conditions that may involve the wrist include torn ligaments, arthritis, overuse injuries, and joint infections. The lunate and scaphoid are most prone to this degenerating disorder. Ĭarpal Avascular Necrosis: A condition where a lack of blood supply to the carpal bone cells causes serious damage, finally resulting in their death. It usually causes a characteristic pain, numbness, and tingling sensation in the fingers (may not be as prominent in the little finger). Ĭarpal Tunnel Syndrome: Another common condition involving the wrist, the carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the medial nerve gets compressed in its passage through the wrist. The scaphoid is the most commonly fractured carpal bone, while the most common forms of dislocations in this area involve the lunate. One characteristic symptom of a broken or dislocated carpal bone is that the pain gets worse with movement. Due to their position in the hand, the carpal bones often get fractured or dislocated as a result of accidents, like falling on an outstretched hand, and sports injuries, especially when playing sports like hockey and tennis. Common Injuries and Associated Conditionsįracture and Dislocation: The wrist is most frequently injured among all joints in the human body. The pisiform is the last to develop, ossifying fully by 12 years. Seven of these eight bones become fully developed by the time a child is 6-7 years old, with the order of ossification being the capitate at first, followed by the hamate, triquetrum, lunate, scaphoid, trapezium, and trapezoid. Development and OssificationĪll the carpal bones are cartilaginous at birth, starting to ossify one by one within 1-2 months of age. These include the lunotriquetral, trapeziotrapezoid, scaphotrapezial, scaphotrapezoidal, scaphocapitate, capitotrapezoid, capitohamate, and triquetrohamate ligaments. Īdditionally, multiple ligaments keep the carpal bones in place by attaching them with each other. Similarly, the ulnolunate and ulnocapitate ligaments attach the ulna with the lunate and capitate bones respectively. The radioscaphocapitate and the long and short radiolunate ligaments joint the radius with various carpal bones. The ligaments in this area can be classified into separate groups depending on the bones involved in their attachment. The carpal bones get their primary blood supply through the radial, ulnar, and anterior interosseous arteries, as well as the deep palmar arch. It is located on the palmar side of the wrist, with its boundaries formed by the carpal bones and the flexor retinaculum (a fibrous band arching over the carpal bones on the palmar side). The carpal tunnel is a passageway for the medial nerve, as well as nine tendons passing from the wrist into the hand and fingers. The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb has a characteristic saddle shape, which makes the thumb much more flexible than the rest of the fingers The Carpal Tunnel Ĭarpometacarpal Joints: Those connecting the metacarpals and the distal carpal bones. The bones meet and articulate on a nearly flat surface, and they need to glide past the adjacent bones in different directions during movement. Intercarpal Joints: Articulations between the carpal bones in the hand are an example of gliding joints (a type of synovial joint). The Radiocarpal Joint: Those between the radius and the proximal carpal bones (except pisiform). All the joints involving the carpal bones are synovial joints, where the articulation surface has a flexible cartilage layer, along with a fluid lining to allow for better freedom of movement.
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